Abstract As long as they are provided in appropriate proportions, probiotics can be beneficial to the host. These bacteria are increasingly used in food to balance intestinal microbiota and relieve gastrointestinal disorders. However after traveling through the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, surviving probiotic bacteria comprise 10 to 30 % of this population. It is a probiotic bacterium found in many probiotic foods. As a result of its inability to hydrolyze proteins and macromolecule carbs, L. acidophilus grows poorly in cereal products. The goal of the present investigation was a synbiotic beverage made from corn mash and Rhizopus oryzae-fermented corn mash. Starting culture concentration is one such element. Milk powder and Corn mash that had been fermented with Rhizopus oryzae were both researched in depth. Fermented cornflour with R. oryzae had just enough nutrients to support L. acidophilus' survival, but not its development. The proliferation of Lactobacillus acidophilus was not improved by adding sugar (1 or 2 %, w/v). However, once milk powder (1 % or 2 %, w/v) was put in, L. acidophilus developed rapidly. After 10 hours of fermentation using 5.5 % Rhizopus oryzae -fermented corn mash and 2 % Cell counts for skim milk powder were about. 9.0 log CFU/mL. During fermentation, the content of -glucans (approximately 781 mg/L) did not change considerably.

Abstract In recent years, the emerging livestock and poultry business has encountered several obstacles in producing healthy and safe products for human consumption while also providing quality and nutritious food for animals. The presence of fungal toxins and fungi in raw materials is the most significant difficulty in supplying food for livestock and poultry, since mycotoxins can reduce output and lower product quality. Also, their residues in the final products (milk, meat, eggs) can transmit their adverse effects to humans. Fungal toxins are produced as a result of the activity of fungi during their growth process, which is called Mycotoxins. Many fungal toxins have been identified to date, including Aflatoxins, Ziralenone, Fumonisins, and Ochratoxins. Aflatoxins contaminate foods, feeds, and other raw materials involved in their production, posing a serious health risk to humans, including carcinogenesis and severe toxicity. Environmental factors affect the production process of Mycotoxins, which depends on the geographical location, agricultural method, sensitivity of agricultural products, etc. Another important point is that some mycotoxins can be used as bioterrorism weapons. Exposure to Mycotoxins can have a wide range of detrimental biological effects, including bleeding, hepatotoxicity, renal toxicity, neurotoxicity, estrogenic, teratogenic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic. Because of the importance of the subject, in the current study, it was tried to review the role of Mycotoxins in potential hazards associated with animal products for humans.

Abstract Fermentation is a popular food preservation process that improves nutritional and organoleptic qualities, shelf life, and food safety. Fermented fish is produced and consumed in many regions of the world, and it is an integral element of many cuisine traditions. Fermented fish is also a substantial industry in several countries and a rich source of intriguing bacteria. Most of the end product quality of wine and meat, including taste, texture, and nutritional content, is determined by the main and secondary microbial metabolism formed during fermentation. A standard procedure in the food industry is the addition of salt to thermally processed meat and fish products in order to avoid weight loss that may otherwise have occurred due to the decreased water retaining capability caused by heat treatment. This article aims to bring you up-to-date on the different varieties of fermented fish and their production processes around the world. As a result, new methods that focus on limiting or accelerating fish products' heating are essential. Alternative heat transfer technology, such as combi-steamers or water baths, is used in both situations to increase heat transfer, allowing for faster heating and minimizing excessively heavy heat loads on parts of the product.

Abstract Vegetable oils (VOs) come in a wide range of flavors and trademarks. VOs are very similar in appearance, flavor, and taste, and it's frequently difficult to tell them from just by looking at them. Approaches for classifying these oils are sometimes expensive and time-intensive, and they frequently include analytical chemical techniques as well as mathematical algorithms like as Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs), Properties of Partial Least Squares (PLS), Principal Components Regression (PCR), and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to enhance their effectiveness. Because of the large range of goods available, more productive techniques for qualifying, characterizing, and classifying these substances are required, as the ultimate cost should indicate the quality of the commodity that reaches the user. This study provides a technique for classifying VOs such as different manufacturers' soybean, corn, sunflower, and canola. This method utilized a Charge-Coupled Device (CCD) array sensor, a light emission diode, and a straightforward mathematical approach to capture the generated fluorescence spectrum (FS) in diluted oil. The spectrum classifications are performed using an ANN with three layers, each having four neurons. The approach can categorize VO and enables rapid network training with a 72% success rate utilizing only a few mathematical changes in the spectra data.

Abstract Many difficulties relating to food safety have been solved thanks to the employment of strong mass spectrometric detectors in conjunction with liquid chromatography. In this study, samples were fractionated using gel permeation chromatography and liquid/liquid extraction, and liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry were used to detect possible genotoxicant(s) in recycled paperboard. As a genotoxicity indicator, the rec-assay was utilized. Abietic acid (AA) and dehydroabietic acid (DHA) and were discovered in the recycled paperboard to be genotoxic. AA and DHA were found in 2 of 5 virgin products and all seven recycled food-contact products. AA and DHA total levels in virgin goods were 990 and 240 mg/g, respectively, whereas recycled products had 200990 mg/g. The total quantity of AA and DHA content in DNA-damaging activity and paper products were shown to have a strong connection. Furthermore, genotoxic effects in paper products matched standard chemicals well, showing that AA and DHA were primarily responsible for the genotoxic effects of these paper products.

Abstract One of the most significant nanobiotechnology and nanomaterial science areas today is the production of novel sensors and biosensors with applications in the food industry. Carbon quantum dots (CQDs) are a new generation of carbon nanoparticles with a lot of potential for food analysis. CQDs with robust physicochemical properties are one of the most recently researched carbon nanomaterials. This material has outstanding optical properties such as light persistence, photobleaching tolerance, photoluminescence, and the advantages of fast functionalization and strong biocompatibility, rendering it an excellent raw material for sensing devices. Thanks to its considerable features such as fast result outputs, low expense, ease of service, and high sensitivity, fluorescence analysis has tremendous potential for food protection. The aim of this article is to familiarise yourself with carbon points, their synthesis methods, and their optical properties. Finally, fluorescence sensors can be used to detect food additives, heavy metals, bacteria, insecticide residues, antibiotics, and nutritional components in food samples. CQDs' problems and opportunities in the area of food safety were also addressed.

Abstract Green tea is high in polyphenols - compounds that have a variety of physiological functions. Microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) was used in this study to extract polyphenols from green tea. The MAE of the phenols in green tea was studied using an orthogonal configuration. As a result of UV/vis spectrophotometric methods, the total phenol content of tea infusions was determined. Polyphenols are plant-based chemicals that we acquire from specific foods. They may provide health advantages and are high in antioxidants. Polyphenols are considered to enhance or aid in the treatment of cardiovascular disease, neurodegenerative illness, diabetes, weight management concerns, and digestive problems. Each of the following factors has an impact on extraction: microwave intensity, microwave irradiate time, and frequency of microwave irradiation, as well as the tea/water ratio. Microwave radiation at 600 watts for 3 minutes at a frequency of once produced the best extraction results with a tea/water ratio of 1:20. As compared to traditional methods, MAE has a number of advantages. These include shorter extraction times, energy savings, and reduced environmental impact. A significant source of worry for food suppliers and users is the oxidation of dietary lipids. Antioxidant compounds have been used to prevent the oxidation of lipids. Synthetic antioxidant additions used today include C11H16O2 (BHA), C10H14O2 (TBHQ), and C15H24O (BHT). Toxicological and nutritional concerns, on the other hand, restrict their use. A variety of foods use green tea as a natural preservative because of its powerful antioxidant and antibacterial properties.

Abstract Garlic is a plant that is native to Central Asia and belongs to the Alliaceae family. When garlic bulbs are crushed, they release a sulfoxide molecule called alliin, which is the precursor to the garlic's distinctive scent and flavor. Fresh garlic and its essential oil are used in the food sector as natural antioxidant agents, flavorings, and antimicrobials, notably in processed chicken and meat products. In this research, on a number of pathogenic strains, the garlic essential oil’s antibacterial activity was investigated in vitro using minimum bactericidal concentration, minimum inhibitory concentration, and the disk diffusion technique. Gas chromatography was used to identify the garlic essential oil’s chemical components. Aluminum chloride colorimetric, Folin-Ciocalteu, and radical reduction capacity methods were used to measure flavonoid, total phenol, and antioxidant content. It was shown that the most resistant to essential garlic oil were gram-negative bacteria, including Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The mixture of diallyl disulfide was 40.3% greater, according to the results of the chemical compound identification of essential garlic oil. Antioxidant activity, flavonoids, and total phenol of essential garlic oil were 80%, 0.24 mg quercetin in grams, and 0.33 mg gallic acid in gram, respectively. The findings of this investigation revealed that garlic might be exploited as a source of medicinal chemicals.